Undergraduate Course: Microorganisms, Infection and Immunity 2 (BIME08012)
Course Outline
| School | Deanery of Biomedical Sciences |
College | College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine |
| Credit level (Normal year taken) | SCQF Level 8 (Year 2 Undergraduate) |
Availability | Available to all students |
| SCQF Credits | 20 |
ECTS Credits | 10 |
| Summary | This course will provide a foundation in the biology of micro-organisms, how micro-organisms infect and interact with their hosts, an overview of the immune system and how it fights infection, and how disease may develop if the host fails to effectively deal with infection.
The course will start by introducing the process of infection, and giving an overview of how the immune system is organised (Section 1: Infection and immune System overview). Following this it will detail the characteristics and diversity of micro-organisms, including viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites (Section 2: Diversity and characteristics of microorganisms), and then describe how the immune system exploits these characteristics to identify, respond to, and develop memory towards diverse types of infectious micro-organisms (Section 3: How does the immune system detect infection?). It will then demonstrate how the biology of micro-organisms allows them to infect, survive and expand within their host (Section 4: Microorganism physiology and infection), before discussing the cells of the immune system and mechanisms by which they control and kill infectious microbes (Section 5: How does the immune system control infection?). Finally the course will cover how inflammation and pathology develop when the host fails to control infection (Section 6: The consequences of failing to control infection), and how infections and diseases can be controlled therapeutically (Section 7: Vaccination and immune therapies).
The lecture content will be reinforced through a combination of lecture review questions, practical sessions, and tutorials. The tutorials are focussed on developing the skills required to read scientific literature.
The broad intentions and outcomes of the course are as follows:
¿ To describe the diversity, and fundamental structural and physiological characteristics of microorganisms, with an emphasis on microorganisms that infect humans. To give an overview of the strategies and processes by which microorganisms infect and survive within their host.
¿ To describe how the mammalian immune system detects and kills infecting microorganisms.
¿ To overview the processes by which infection can result in disease and immune pathology, and the consequences of failing to control infection
¿ To describe how the immune system can be harnessed for the therapeutic treatment of infections or diseases (E.g. vaccines) and how components of the immune system are used for research and diagnostics |
| Course description |
The course will consist of 30 lectures, 10 hours of practicals, and 5 tutorials. The practicals will cover sources of infection and culture of micro-organisms, diagnoses of infection and pathology, sterilization and disinfection. The course will develop graduate attributes linked to understanding the scientific literature by continuing with the literature comprehension tutorial that are currently delivered in MCI2. The subject matter of these tutorials will complement the lecture material.
Formative assessment will be given in the form of a series of timed release questions that re-emphasize the main lecture points, and help the students use and apply the lecture material. Formative assessment will also be used to strengthen links between different aspects of the course.
Section 1) Introduction to Infection and Immunology
The challenge of micro-organisms: Infectious diseases
Summary of the major groups of microorganisms with a medical focus. Challenge dose, infective dose, tissue tropism. Transmission and virulence.
Immune system overview ¿ how do we deal with infection?
Anatomy of the immune system. Physical barriers. Innate cells. Adaptive immune cells. Memory. Development of immune cells
Co-evolution of pathogens and immunity
How infection drives the immune system, and in turn how the immune system impacts pathogens and infection strategies.
Section 2) Diversity and fundamental biology of infectious micro-organisms
The idea for this section is to emphasize the diversity and give the fundamentals of pathogen structures/properties.
Diversity and structure of bacteria.
Classification ¿ gram+/-, Intracellular components. Cell wall. Membranes. Periplasm and external structures e.g. Flagella, pili, exopolysaccharides, capsules, outer membrane vesicles and endospores.
Diversity and biology of viruses
Classification, structure, genomic organisation and genetic content, basic Lifecycle
Parasitic and fungal infections
Section 3) How the host combats pathogen diversity and uses the fundamental biology of pathogens to detect and respond to infection
Sensing micro-organisms: Innate cells
Challenge: how do you detect a wide range of different organisms as discussed above?
Answer: Use conserved molecules as discussed above in biology of bacteria/viruses/parasites.
PRRS, PAMPS, Complement, Cytokines ¿ inflammation, cell recruitment ¿ warning molecules. Introduction to innate cells.
Sensing micro-organisms: Adaptive immunity
Challenge: How do you recognize specific pathogens/strains when there are so many?
Answer: System of TCR and BCR and MHC.
T and B cells. Antigens and presentation. Self vs non-self. TCR and BCR. Clonal expansion. Memory. T cell help. T cell cytotoxicity. Structure and function of Ab
Section 4) The biology of infection
Bacterial processes for survival and expansion
Growth, replication, metabolism, genetics, transposable elements.
Viral processes for survival and expansion
Viral replication, genetics, latency, apoptosis, transformation
Section 5) How the immune system controls infection
Killing pathogens 1: Extra-cellular
Macrophages, Complement, Ab ¿ neutralising toxins, phagocytosis etc.., ADCC
Killing pathogens 2: Intra-cellular
CD8 cytotoxicity, NK cells, Ab ¿ blockade of entry, Latency (how immune response can affect latency)
The mucosal immune system and commensal pathogens
Discriminating pathogens from food (intro to tolerance). Food allergies. Commensals ¿ colonization resistance
Immune Evasion
Section 6) The consequences of failing to control infection
Inflammation and pathogenesis
Bacterial Pathogensis
Colonisation/adhesion, growth, immune evasion. Virulence determinants and regulation. Secretion systems and toxins.
Viral Pathogenesis
Section 7) Therapeutic control of infection and immune therapies
Vaccination
Discovery of vaccination, Active and passive immunisation, Types of vaccine, Adjuvants
Control of bacteria
Antibiotics and resistance.
Control of Viruses
Immune therapies and uses of Ab
mAb, Antibody techniques. In vivo Ab therapies - tumours/ anti-TNF therapies.
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Entry Requirements (not applicable to Visiting Students)
| Pre-requisites |
|
Co-requisites | |
| Prohibited Combinations | |
Other requirements | None |
Information for Visiting Students
| Pre-requisites | None |
| High Demand Course? |
Yes |
Course Delivery Information
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| Academic year 2015/16, Available to all students (SV1)
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Quota: None |
| Course Start |
Semester 2 |
Timetable |
Timetable |
| Learning and Teaching activities (Further Info) |
Total Hours:
200
(
Lecture Hours 30,
Seminar/Tutorial Hours 5,
Dissertation/Project Supervision Hours 10,
Supervised Practical/Workshop/Studio Hours 10,
Programme Level Learning and Teaching Hours 4,
Directed Learning and Independent Learning Hours
141 )
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| Assessment (Further Info) |
Written Exam
60 %,
Coursework
40 %,
Practical Exam
0 %
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| Additional Information (Assessment) |
40% in course assessment (10% linked to the practicals and involve analysis and interpretation of results and 30% based on literature comprehension/data interpretation)
60% Exam: short answer questions and multiple choice questions |
| Feedback |
Formative feedback: Lecture Review Questions
For each lecture we will release 4-5 review questions on Learn covering the key points of the lecture. The aim of the questions is to help you learn the main points of the lectures during the course, and there is unsupervised time allocated at the end of the main sections for you to complete them (Section Review sessions 1-5). They will take the format of electronic questions (e.g. MCQ), and are not marked. They are meant as a learning tool and if you get the answer to a question wrong 3 times then you will be given the correct answer with an explanation.
As they are meant to consolidate learning of lecture material during the course, and are not a final exam revision tool, they will only be available on Learn for a limited period of time; either for 7-days after the lecture or until the day after the next Section Review (whichever is the longer). They will be released on Learn at the same time as the lecture handouts.
We strongly encourage you to complete the questions as they will help you learn the key lecture material at the time of the lecture and allow you to check that you understand the main lecture points. Completing the questions will help you follow the later sections of the course, and make your final revision easier.
Assessment feedback:
We will endeavour to give you feedback on your performance in a prompt manner throughout the course, in a variety of ways. For each piece of formally assessed in-course work you will receive your mark within three weeks of submission. For the practicals, a debriefing session will take place after the last group has completed the assessment at which feedback will be given to the whole class. For the literature comprehension test generic feedback will be sent to each group when the marks are released.
Any student who would like individual feedback on an assessment should contact the Course Administrator who will arrange a meeting with the marker.
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| Exam Information |
| Exam Diet |
Paper Name |
Hours & Minutes |
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| Main Exam Diet S2 (April/May) | | 2:00 | |
Learning Outcomes
On completion of this course, the student will be able to:
- Describe the structural organization, metabolism, growth processes and genetics of microorganisms. Explain how pathogen structure and physiology relates to infection and survival within the host, and describe the mechanisms by which infection can lead to disease and immune pathology, using selected examples of microorganisms where appropriate.
- Describe the functions and characteristics of the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Explain the roles of the key innate and adaptive immune cells, and how they work together to recognize, respond to, and kill pathogens. Provide an overview on how uncontrolled immune responses can lead to disease and immune-mediated pathology.
- Describe how infection can be therapeutically controlled by immune (e.g. vaccination) and non-immune (e.g. drug treatments, hygiene) approaches. Explain how an immune component (antibodies) can be generated and applied as a tool for experimental research, and for the therapeutic treatment of diseases.
- Extract, summarise, and interpret information contained within selected primary scientific research papers pertaining to the areas of infection and immunity.
- Perform practical procedures to produce accurate results, explain the theoretical basis of the techniques employed, and be able to apply information from lectures and practicals to interpret experimental data.
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Reading List
Microbiology (general):
¿ Madigan, M.T., Martinko, J.M., and Parker, J. (2003) Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 11th (2005) or 12th (2009) edition, Prentice-Hall International. Noreen and Kenneth Murray Library QR41.2Bro. The 9th and 10th editions of this text are also sufficiently up-to-date for most purposes.
¿ Alternative: Perry, J.J., Staley, J.T., and Lorey, S.L. (2002) Microbial Life, Sinauer Associates. Noreen and Kenneth Murray Library FolioQR41.2Per. or its successor Staley, Gunsalus, Lory & Perry (2007) Microbial Life, 2nd edition. Microbiology, an evolving science, second edition, by J. Slonczewski and J. Foster, published by Norton.
Other recent microbiology textbooks should also cover substantially similar information. The general microbiology textbooks above also contain useful introductory material related to viruses, fungi and the immune system but are not by themselves sufficient for the material in this course.
Fungi:
¿ Read, ND, Boddy L (2010) Introducing the fungi. In From Another Kingdom: the Amazing World of Fungi (ed. L Boddy, M Coleman), pp. 7-22. Royal Botanic Gardens at Edinburgh. On Reserve
¿ Carlile, M.J., Watkinson, S.C., and Gooday, G.W. (2001) The Fungi. 2nd edition. Academic Press, London. Noreen and Kenneth Murray Library QK603Car.
Viruses:
¿ Flint, S.J., Enquist, L.W., Ranciello, V.R., and Skalka, A.M. 2004. Principles of Virology: Molecular Biology, Pathogenesis, and Control of Animal Viruses. 2nd Ed. Main Library QW160Pri, Vet Library QR360Pri.
¿ Fields¿ virology (2007) 5th ed. Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Location: Main Library- Ground floor Shelfmark: QW 160 Fie 2007.
We recommend you use the text by Flint as the primary reference for viruses. To gain more detail on specific aspects you may find it useful to refer to the relevant sections in Field¿s virology.
Immunology:
¿ Sompayrac, L. (2012): How the Immune System Works, 4th edition, Wiley-Blackwell. Main Library, and electronic copies are available for download at https://www.dawsonera.com/abstract/9781118298619.
¿ Abbas, AK et al. (2014): Basic Immunology: Functions and Disorders of the Immune System, 4th edition, Elsevier Saunders. Main Library and KB Library.
The text by Sompayrac is the main immunology text for this course and provides a great overview of the immune system and is particularly strong at explaining how the different aspects of immunity work together as a system. To gain more detail on specific aspects of the immune system then you might find it useful to study relevant chapters of Abbas¿ Basic Immunology.
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Additional Information
| Graduate Attributes and Skills |
Not entered |
| Keywords | MII2 |
Contacts
| Course organiser | Dr Matthew Taylor
Tel: (0131 6)51 3625
Email: Matthew.Taylor@ed.ac.uk |
Course secretary | Mr Kevin Mcarthur
Tel: (0131 6)51 1824
Email: Kevin.Mcarthur@ed.ac.uk |
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