External summary

Biotechnology is a degree programme run within the School of Biological sciences, a large School with 6 internationally renowned research Institutes: the Institute of Cell Biology, the Institute of Evolutionary Biology, the Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, the Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, the Institute for Stem Cell Research, the Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology and a number of interdisciplinary centres. 

Biotechnology is very much an interdisciplinary area concerned with the applications of fundamental knowledge in biological sciences and the utilisation of microbial, plant and animal cells to make useful products. This covers a wide field including gene therapy and development of new drugs for important diseases. The Honours course in year 4 combines coverage of the basic principles and knowledge underpinning biotechnology with an appreciation of the processes involved in converting an idea into a product. Students in years 1-3 have a wide variety of course choices as the Biological Sciences degree programme provides a set of overlapping courses leading to different final Honours schools (see Courses and Progression). 

Educational aims of programme

The degree programme aims to produce a graduate trained in biotechnology, capable of independent thinking and analysis and able to communicate clearly both with fellow scientists and with the wider community. 

The programme aims to develop:

• Knowledge and understanding in the core modules of Biotechnology and in specialised electives.
• Research skills in both laboratory and library
• Awareness of emerging issues and unsolved questions in Biotechnology
• Graduate attributes including a wide range of generic transferable skills
• An awareness of the contribution of Edinburgh to the development of  the biological sciences

The programme aims to provide a set of learning skills, sound scientific knowledge and an understanding of underlying principles that enables each student to develop both as a scientist and as an individual. Biotechnology is a broad ranging  discipline and students can choose a set of courses to suit both their academic interests and career aspirations within a wide choice of possible directions. Teaching provides both generic and specialist training. Students are taught experimental methods used to investigate areas of biology; how to perform and document experiments in a laboratory; how to draw quantitative conclusions from experimental data and how to present results and theoretical knowledge.  Specific courses develop particular skills within a subdiscipline.  All students will develop the level of understanding that will allow engagement in debates on current topics in a broader context that may extend to:

• health care
• science technology and biotechnology
• environmental issues
• biodiversity
• sustainability
• management of biological data

Programme outcomes: Knowledge and understanding

Biotechnology, in common with other courses in the Biological Sciences, uses the pre-honours years to lay the necessary foundations of knowledge. In early years students are also learning how to study effectively, learning different modes of studying and are starting to develop skills in comprehension of scientific literature, analysis of data, writing and communication skills. The academic foundations are based on an understanding of chemistry, mathematics and physics, which are taught in a biological context in courses in the first year. Courses in second year develop understanding and background in relevant subjects; these are usually microbiology, genetics, molecular biology and biochemistry. Work in laboratories develops understanding of experimental research methods. In the third year students take 6 courses of which molecular microbiology, biotechnology, molecular genetics and molecular cell biology are most frequently taken. The third year (level9) covers topics such as microbial physiology, gene function, genetics and genomics of microorganisms, cellular interactions and properties of DNA and proteins. Knowledge of applications of biotechnology in food and environmental microbiology and in medical biotechnology (e.g. stem cells) is also covered.  This together with problem exercises, research for an essay and further practical sessions increases the knowledge and understanding of students in preparation for 4th year. In 4th year students study core courses in Enzymology and Biological Production, Novel Approaches and take a Biotechnology –specific module.  Together these courses develop their understanding of the development and production of biotechnology products such as antibiotics and recombinant proteins, the development of new drugs, and the use of emerging technologies in healthcare and in the environment. Optional courses and electives in specialised areas allow students to study topics in depth and to interact with staff researching at the forefront of their fields. Understanding is enhanced by literature research, paper analysis, problem solving, tutorials, group and individual analysis.

This allows Biotechnology students to:

• critically analyse current research literature,
• appreciate the experimental approaches, methods and limitations in their field
• analyse and solve biological questions

Programme outcomes: Graduate attributes - Skills and abilities in research and enquiry

Through a combination of laboratory practicals, research projects and group work, students learn current skills and approaches in biological research. An understanding of scientific method, allied to the ability to construct alternative arguments and hypotheses leads our students to develop an ability to explore and evaluate evidence for and against particular points of view.  Our students will have developed numerical competence.  They will learn to report research data and conclusions through written reports and competent oral presentations, drawing on the outcomes of their skills in research and enquiry.

Through participation in a combination of different teaching and laboratory experiences, graduates acquire the ability to:

• carry out scientific research within a team (4th year research project)
• develop critical thinking, including the critical analysis of current literature (e.g. synoptic sessions, tutorials and 4th year literature review)
• discuss and evaluate scientific arguments (e.g. within essays or project reports)
• exchange ideas with scientific colleagues, including carrying out scientific research within a team (4th year research project)
• analyse and solve biological questions (e.g. synoptic sessions)
• analyse and summarise data, drawing on numerical and statistical analysis skills as appropriate
• build on existing knowledge to suggest new directions for investigation
• an appreciation of the experimental approaches, methods and limitations in their field (particularly in 4th year research project, 4th year core courses and electives)
• formulate scientific questions and programmes of research, drawing on expertise in the design and rationale of scientific experiments.

Programme outcomes: Graduate attributes - Skills and abilities in personal and intellectual autonomy

The development of critical thinking and the capacity for independent is an important facet within the Biotechnology degree programme. Students develop an increasing competence to deal with intellectual concepts and scientific discussion and to evaluate arguments through preparation for tutorials, essay writing, analysing research papers and through laboratory research.  This is clearest in the final research project when independent thinking is essential for effective research in design, execution, analysis and communication of results.

Within the different course activities over the 4 years students progressively develop graduate skills in Personal and Intellectual Autonomy and are able to:

• summarise and interpret the work of others in the context of previous work and likely developments
• evaluate the strength and weaknesses of scientific evidence, thereby being able to arrive at independent conclusions
• analyse graphs, figures and tables
• apply logical thinking in the analysis of new material (synoptic analysis)
• formulate, investigate and discuss questions
• learn and work independently, analysing their own strengths and weaknesses, drawing on written and oral feedback
• learn analytical methods and to apply them to problem solving
• engage and draw on an understanding of scientific investigations
• build on existing knowledge to suggest new directions for investigation
• understand the relevance and importance of explaining scientific ideas and the impact of science to the wider community

Programme outcomes: Graduate attributes - Skills and abilities in communication

The development of communication skills occurs throughout the degree programme and is staged so that the students’ development is matched to the SQCF level.  Communication skills are important: to communicate scientific knowledge to other scientists, to inform and communicate science to the wider community and to demonstrate graduate attributes to employers. Skills comprise:

• oral and written communication that is logical and coherent (e.g. 3rd year talks, 4th year field trip presentations and research project seminars)
• using computer, graphical and numerical skills (e.g. in elective and project reports)
• using communication to work effectively in groups (e.g. in e-learning exercises in 2nd and 3rd year)
• writing essays and laboratory reports (e.g. 2nd year laboratory reports, 3rd year essays and 4th year literature reviews)
• working in groups for presentations (e.g. field trip seminars)
• communicating concepts and ideas with the wider public, demonstrating an understanding of the relevance and importance of explaining scientific ideas and the impact of science to the wider community (open discussion seminars in third year, fourth year industrial visit reports)

Programme outcomes: Graduate attributes - Skills and abilities in personal effectiveness

Student personal development is achieved through a number of interconnected learning processes over the successive SQCF levels. Personal effectiveness is acquired both through independent activities and through and interactive activities with other students, staff and Directors of Studies.

Independent activities include:

• organising individual learning, managing the workload and working to a timetable
• learning to plan effectively
• working independently on the creation of essays and reports.
• Collaborative activities include
• working in groups on projects, group talks or laboratory work
• building confidence from completion of assignments and from successful work experiences in laboratory, projects, presentations, and essays.
• utilising advice gained from discussions with a  Personal Tutor, Course Organisers and Honours Programme organisers
• presenting scholarly work that demonstrates an understanding of the aims, methods and considerations in this subject area

Programme outcomes: Technical/practical skills

Technical /practical skills are acquired in the first three years mainly through laboratory practicals within individual courses and in the final year through a 6-8 week Honours project. Theoretical courses such as Scientific Enquiry in Biology and the Environmental Sciences and Practical Skills in the Biomedical Sciences that provide inter alia an understanding of the scientific approach to investigation can also be taken.  Quantitative and statistical skills are taught at all levels (e.g. Quantification in the Life Sciences 1) and all courses include evaluation and problem solving components related to biological techniques.  Many of the communication and analytical skills learnt from such technical work are integral to the graduate attributes listed in the sections on intellectual autonomy, communication and personal effectiveness.  Work in laboratories is usually in pairs or larger groups requiring cooperation and joint input.  Over the degree programme students gain the following skills/experience:

• use of bioinformatic and other software tools (e.g. in Genomes and Genomics 3)
• use of graphics and data analysis software ( e.g. 1st year Quantitation in the Life Sciences 1)
• competence in generic laboratory skills (e.g. Microorganisms, Cells and Immunity 2, Molecular Microbiology 3 and Molecular Genetics 3)
• appreciate the specificity, the accuracy and the limitations of particular techniques
• growth and metabolic activities of microorganisms (e.g. Microorganisms, Cells and
• Immunity 2, Molecular Microbiology 3 )
• Genetic and molecular techniques including DNA isolation, gel electrophoresis (e.g. Molecular Genetics 3)
• library skills - learning to read and analyse research and review papers, understanding the main concepts and identifying unresolved questions (particularly in level 9 and 10 courses )

Programme structure and features

This programmes fits within the general structure of the University’s Curriculum Framework.

Courses and Progression

Students take courses totalling 120 credit points in each year of the programme.  The programme is full time for 4 years, except where direct entry into 2nd year has been permitted.

The degree regulations and programme of study, along with the degree programme table can be found at:

http://www.drps.ed.ac.uk/index.php

1st Year

Compulsory courses (Level 8):

• Origin and Diversity of Life 1 (20 points)
• Molecules, Genes and Cells 1 (20 points)

Students are required to take a further 80 points of courses.  Those offered by the Schools of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Sciences and two service courses offered by the School of Chemistry are recommended.

2nd Year

Students must take at least three courses (including some required courses) totalling 60 credit points from a selection of Biological and Biomedical Sciences level 8 courses as listed in the degree programme table.

3rd Year (Junior Honours)

Students must take at least four courses (including some required courses) totalling 80 credit points from a selection of Biological and Biomedical Sciences level 9 courses as listed in the degree programme table.

4th Year (Senior Honours)

The courses taken depend on the senior honours specialisation chosen by the student.  In all programmes there are at least 80 credit points of compulsory courses including a Research Project course (40 points) and core courses each worth 10 or 20 credit points.  Elective courses, each worth 10 credit points are also available.

Exit Qualifications

Teaching and learning methods and strategies

Teaching and Learning strategies employed at the University of Edinburgh consist of a variety of different methods appropriate to the programme aims.  The graduate attributes listed above are met through a teaching and learning framework (detailed below) which is appropriate to the level and content of the course.

Teaching and Learning Activities

In Year 1:

• Lectures
• Workshops
• Laboratories
• Field Work
• Tutorials
• Discussion Groups/Project Groups
• Problem based learning activities. Example: as part of the Origin and Diversity of Life 1 course, students learn how to record and present practical procedures and outcomes, and how to analyse results.
• One to one meetings with personal tutors

In Year 2:

• Lectures
• Laboratories
• Workshops
• Tutorials
• Seminars
• Problem based learning activities. Example: as part of The Dynamic Cell course students attend problem based tutorial sessions.
• One to one meetings with personal tutors

In Year 3

• Lectures
• Laboratories
• Workshops
• Tutorials
• Seminars
• Presentations
• Problem based learning activities. Example: as part of the Biotechnology course students review academic papers, write abstracts and give a presentation.
• One to one meetings with personal tutors

In Year 4

• Lectures
• Seminars
• Presentations
• Problem based learning activities
• Project work in a research laboratory; students carry out their own research at the frontier of knowledge and can make a genuine contribution to the progress of original research.  This also involves reviewing relevant papers, analysing data, writing a report and giving a presentation.

Assessment methods and strategies

Courses are be assessed by a diverse range of methods and often takes the form of formative work which provides the student with on-going feedback as well as summative assessment which is submitted for credit.

In Year 1

• Laboratory Reports; formative feedback is provided early in the first semester followed by summative feedback contributing to course results.
• Essays; students are provided with written feedback
• Assessed Problems; students are provided with written feedback
• On-line Tests; on-line feedback with explanations
• Written Degree Examinations; students are invited to feedback sessions with course organisers to view their examination scripts.
• Example: as part of the Origins and Diversity of Life 1 course students are provided with on-line feedback for their essay, including video feedback.

In Year 2

• Laboratory Reports
• Essays; students are provided with written feedback
• Class Tests
• Multiple Choice Tests
• Assessed Problems; students are provided with written feedback
• Written Degree Examinations; students are invited to feedback sessions with course organisers to view their examination scripts.

In Year 3

• Laboratory Reports
• Essays; students are provided with written feedback
• Class Tests
• Assessed Problems
• Oral Presentations; feedback is provided by peers and staff
• Written Degree Examinations; students are invited to feedback sessions with course organisers to view their examination scripts.

In Year 4

• Project Reports and Presentations
• Essays; students are provided with written feedback
• Oral Presentations; feedback is provided by peers and staff
• Written Degree Examinations; students are invited to feedback sessions with course organisers to view their examination scripts.

Career opportunities

Graduates in Biological & Biomedical Sciences are highly valued.  The broad analytical and scientific skills you gain equip you for a variety of careers.  Previous graduates have been employed in the food, environmental and healthcare industries, or have moved into non-science sectors, including teaching, marketing, accountancy and policy research.  Some of our graduates also choose further study before entering successful academic or industry–based research careers.

Other items

Each student is assigned a Personal Tutor who provides both academic and pastoral guidance.  Throughout a student's time at the university the Personal Tutor guides the student in choice of courses and provides general support.